Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Active volcano in Quetzaltenango Department, Guatemala}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Santa María, Santiaguito
| photo = Santiaguito from Santamaria.jpg
| photo_caption = Santiaguito side cone from the summit of Santa María
| elevation_m = 3772
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| map = Guatemala |relief=1
| map_caption = Guatemala
| map_size =
| label_position = right
| location = [[Quetzaltenango Department]], [[Guatemala]]
| range = [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14|45|20|N|91|33|06|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Central America Volcanic Arc]]
| age =
| last_eruption = 2013 to present
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Santa María Volcano''' is a large active [[volcano]] in the western highlands of [[Guatemala]], in the [[Quetzaltenango Department]] near the city of [[Quetzaltenango]]. It is part of the mountain range of the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]].
The volcano was known as '''Gagxanul''' in the local [[Kʼicheʼ language]], which means "Naked Volcano or Mountain", before the 16th century [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala|Spanish conquest of the region]].<ref>Recinos 1952, 1986, p.69.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2022 |title=Santa María Volcano, Guatemala |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/ |website=Michigan Tech}}</ref>
The [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]-6 eruption of Santa María Volcano in 1902 was one of the three largest eruptions of the 20th century, after the 1912 [[Novarupta]] and 1991 [[Mount Pinatubo]] eruptions. It is also one of the five biggest eruptions of the past 200 (and most likely 300) years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Large Holocene Eruptions |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |work=[[Global Volcanism Program]] |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Geological history==
Santa María Volcano is part of the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]] range of volcanoes, which extends along the western edge of [[Guatemala]], separated from the [[Pacific Ocean]] by a broad plain. The volcanoes are formed by the [[subduction]] of the [[Cocos Plate]] under the [[Caribbean Plate]], which led to the formation of the [[Central America Volcanic Arc]].
Eruptions at Santa María are estimated to have begun about 103 [[kiloannum|ka]]. Construction of the volcanic edifice occurred in four phases, from 103–72, 72, 60–46, and 35–25 ka,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Escobar-Wolf |first1=Rudiger |title=40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of Volcán de Santa María, Guatemala |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=2010 |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=57–771}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Brad |title=Tracking open-system differentiation during growth of Santa María Volcano, Guatemala |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=2011 |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=2335–2363|doi=10.1093/petrology/egr047 |bibcode=2011JPet...52.2335S |doi-access=free }}</ref> building up the large cone that reaches about {{convert|1400|m}} above the plain on which the nearby city of [[Quetzaltenango]] sits. Following the cone-building eruptions, activity seems to have changed to a pattern of long periods of repose followed by the emission of small [[lava flow]]s from vents on the mountain.
==1902 eruption==
[[File:Santamaria from the ISS.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Steam rises from Santiaguito. The area of the flank destroyed by the 1902 eruption can be clearly seen. Lahar deposits snake down river valleys to the left of the image]]
[[Image:Santa María Ausbruch 1902.jpg|thumb|200px|Santa María, 1902 eruption]]
[[Image:Santamarias.jpg|thumb|The volcano as seen from the nearby city of Quetzaltenango|200px]]
The first eruption of Santa María in recorded history occurred in October 1902. Before 1902 the volcano had been dormant for at least 500 years and possibly several thousand years, but its awakening was clearly indicated by a [[Earthquake swarm|seismic swarm]] in the region starting in January 1902, which included [[1902 Guatemala earthquake|a major earthquake in April 1902]]. The eruption began on 24 October, and the largest explosions occurred over the following two days, ejecting an estimated {{convert|8|km3}} of [[magma]]. The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century, only slightly less in magnitude to that of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in 1991. The eruption had a [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] (VEI) of 6, thus being 'Colossal'.<ref name="volcano.si.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt |website=Global volcanism program |title=Santa María |access-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820024043/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt |archive-date=August 20, 2007 }}</ref>
The [[pumice]] formed in the climactic eruption fell over an area of about {{convert|273000|km2}}, and [[volcanic ash]] as far away as [[San Francisco]], California, {{convert|4000|km}} away. The eruption occurred out of a vent on the southwest side of the volcano, leaving a crater about {{convert|1|km|sigfig=1}} in diameter and about {{convert|300|m}} deep, stretching from just below the summit to an elevation of about {{convert|2300|m}}. The first evidence of the eruption was a sprinkling of sand on Quezaltenango. The wind then changed from the south to the east and ashes began to fall at Helvetia, a coffee plantation {{convert|6|mi|km|0|order=flip}} southwest.<ref name="Anderson 1908">{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Tempest|title=The Volcanoes of Guatemala|date=1908|publisher=The Royal Geographical Society|location=London|page=478}}</ref> Many coffee plantations were destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011180904:mpeg21:a0068|title=Vulkanische Uitbarstingen.|work=De Volksstem|via=[[Delpher]]|date=19 November 1902|language=nl}}</ref>
Because of the lack<ref name="volcano.si.edu"/> of recorded eruptive activity at Santa María, local people did not recognise the preceding seismicity as warning signs of an eruption. Estimates are that 6,000 people died as a result of the eruption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever|title=What is the largest eruption ever?|website=OSU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117034608/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> They were burned or suffocated.<ref name=LK>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001139091:mpeg21:a00012|title=Nieuwe bijzonderheden over de uitbarsting op Guatemala.|work=Limburger Koerier|via=[[Delpher]]|date=22 November 1902|language=nl}}</ref>
Due to the eruption, in an area for up to 160km from the volcano, there was total darkness for 53 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010133223:mpeg21:a0096|title=Gemengde berichten.|work=Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|via=[[Delpher]]|date=20 December 1902|language=nl}}</ref> After the eruption, the area was also affected by gangs who went to the affected areas to steal from people, murder and plunder plantations.<ref name=LK />
In the middle of the disaster, Quetzaltenango regional authorities had to take charge, as the central government was focused on the celebration of the "[[Fiestas Minervalias]]", the largest propaganda festival of president [[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]]' regime; furthermore, the central government was so focused on the festival that it tried to minimize the impact of the eruption and went as far as tell the citizens that it was not in Guatemalan soil, but in [[México]].{{sfn|Arévalo Martínez|1945|p=64}} Furthermore, the official government response was to tell Quetzaltenango authorities that there were no funds for the recovery, as those were already spent to help after the April 1902 earthquake.{{sfn|Arévalo Martínez|1945|p=67}} Under such circumstances, Quetzaltenango regional authorities declared that all the West zone agricultural harvest was ruined, and forecasted famine due to food shortages; likewise, cattle were dying and there were meat shortages as well. They were allowed by the central government to import flour free of taxes for the next few months.{{sfn|Aragón|2013|p=}}
For the native people the eruption consequences were catastrophic: they not only lost relatives, friends, homes and harvest, but they were also enslaved in the recovery while "[[Criollo people|criollo]]" landlords were compensated for the loss with lands that were confiscated from native communities in [[Uspantán|San Miguel Uspantán]] [[Quiché Department]], Panam in [[Suchitepéquez Department]] and in [[Sololá Department]].{{sfn|Aragón|2013|p=}}
===1902 eruption sequence of events===
* 24 October: 5:00 pm: At San Felipe a sound was heard, similar to the roar of a waterfall, for five minutes, coming from the volcano; but the mist surrounding the volcano did not allow any direct observation of what was happening.
* 24 October: 6:00 pm: Cinders and ashes started falling over [[Quetzaltenango]]
* 24 October: 7:00 pm: Witnesses recall seeing lightning and a strong fiery red light coming from the volcano, and noise similar of that of an industrial furnace.
* 24 October: 8:00 pm: From San Felipe one could see a giant plume of black ash with numerous whirlwinds crossed by thousands of lightning bolts and curved lines of red light. All the area surrounding the volcano kept shaking and large explosions could be heard as far as {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}} away; strong winds carried ash and debris as far as {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} away, or even more; a part of the cloud hovered on the north side of the cone for days, and a pitch black darkness ensued.
* 25 October: 1:00 am: The eruption became more violent and large rocks from the volcano started falling as far as {{convert|14|km|abbr=on}} away, destroying towns and farm houses.
* 26 October: 12:00 am: The volcano calmed down.
* 26 October: 3:00 pm: Another eruption, but this time it was a white plume that came out, which was likely composed of water vapor.{{sfn|Aragón|2013|p=}}
===Image gallery===
<gallery perrow="4" widths="175" heights="175">
File:Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg
File:Santamaria1902xela.jpg
</gallery>
==Santiaguito==
[[File:Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg|thumb|200px|Santiaguito, 2016 eruption<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2016/05/20/powerful-eruption-at-santa-maria-santiaguito-ejects-ash-up-to-4-5-km-guatemala/|title=Powerful eruption at Santa Maria (Santiaguito) ejects ash up to 4.5 km, Guatemala|date=20 May 2016 }}</ref>]]
The 1902 eruption was followed by 20 years of dormancy. New eruptions began in 1922, with the extrusion of a [[lava dome]] complex in the crater left by the 1902 eruption. The lava dome complex, named '''Santiaguito''', is still active today with over 1 km<sup>3</sup> of lava erupted so far. The lava dome complex has four main domes: El Caliente, La Mitad, El Monje and El Brujo. The currently active vent is El Caliente.<ref>Jeannie A.J. Scott (2013), "The Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala," https://vhub.org/resources/2268</ref>
The dome growth has been both ''endogenous'' and ''exogenous''. The former implies dome interior expansion to accommodate new lava and the latter refers to superficial piling up of lava. Activity has been concentrated at several different vents, and Santiaguito now has the appearance of several overlapping domes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes|first1=Emma|last2=Kennedy|first2=Ben M.|last3=Lavallée|first3=Yan|last4=Hornby|first4=Adrian|last5=Edwards|first5=Matt|last6=Chigna|first6=Gustavo|date=2018|title=Textural Insights Into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=6|pages=30|doi=10.3389/feart.2018.00030|issn=2296-6463|url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1201529/FULLTEXT01|bibcode=2018FrEaS...6...30R|doi-access=free}}</ref> At the beginning of dome growth the composition was [[dacite]], identical to the composition of the Santa Maria eruption. By 1990 the composition had shifted to a less evolved [[andesite]]. It has been proposed that this is due to a stratified magma chamber beneath the volcano.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Jeannie A.J.|last2=Pyle|first2=David M.|last3=Mather|first3=Tamsin A.|last4=Rose|first4=William I.|date=Feb 2013|title=Geochemistry and evolution of the Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=252|pages=92–107|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.11.011|issn=0377-0273|bibcode=2013JVGR..252...92S}}</ref>
The early (pre-1990) exogenous volcanism has consisted of [[lava spines]] and [[lava flows]]. Nowadays, only lava flows are erupted. All the volcanic activity is cyclic with 10+ year cyclic timescales between periods of high volcanism with high extrusion rates and low volcanism with low extrusion rates.<ref>Harris, A. J. L., Rose, W. I., and Flynn, L. P. (2003). "Temporal trends in lava dome extrusion at Santiaguito 1922–2000". ''Bull. Volcanol''. 65, 77–89. {{doi|10.1007/s00445-002-0243-0}}</ref> The latest with high extrusion rate was in 2011–2015 with the emplacement of more than four new lava flows.<ref name=":0" /> Frequent small eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been ongoing throughout dome growth.
Although most of Santiaguito's eruptive activity has been relatively gentle, occasional larger explosions have occurred. In 1929 part of the dome collapsed, generating [[pyroclastic flow]]s which killed anywhere from several hundred up to 5,000 people.<ref>Sapper & Termer, 1930</ref> Occasional rockfalls have generated smaller pyroclastic flows, and vertical eruptions of ash to heights of a few kilometres above the dome are common.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Jeffrey B.|last2=Harris|first2=Andrew J. L.|last3=Sahetapy-Engel|first3=Steve T. M.|last4=Wolf|first4=Rudiger|last5=Rose|first5=William I.|date=Mar 2004|title=Explosion dynamics of pyroclastic eruptions at Santiaguito Volcano|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=31|issue=6|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2003gl019079|issn=0094-8276|citeseerx=10.1.1.500.3171|bibcode=2004GeoRL..31.6610J|s2cid=14592231 }}</ref> Santiaguito is now a tourist attraction, as minor eruptions occur with regularity and can be observed by visitors from the summit of Santa Maria.
==Volcanic hazards at Santa María==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2018}}
[[Image:Hot lahar at Santiaguito.jpg|thumb|190px|left|A hot lahar rushes down a river valley near El Palmar in 1989]]
The areas to the south of Santa María are considerably affected by volcanic activity at Santiaguito. Currently, the most common volcanic hazards at Santa María are [[lahar]]s, which frequently occur in the [[rainy season]] due to heavy rainfall on loose volcanic deposits. Lahars are particularly large and frequent during periods of high volcanism at Santiaguito. The town of [[El Palmar, Quetzaltenango|El Palmar]], {{convert|10|km|sigfig=1}} from Santiaguito, has been destroyed twice by lahars from Santiaguito forcing the town to be moved to the present Nuevo El Palmar, and [[infrastructure]] such as roads and bridges have been repeatedly damaged. Lahar deposits from Santiaguito have affected rivers all the way downstream to the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Special Paper 412: Volcanic Hazards in Central America|last1=Harris|first1=Andrew J.L.|last2=Vallance|first2=James W.|last3=Kimberly|first3=Paul|last4=Rose|first4=William I.|last5=Matías|first5=Otoniel|last6=Bunzendahl|first6=Elly|last7=Flynn|first7=Luke P.|last8=Garbeil|first8=Harold|date=2006|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0813724126|pages=85–104|language=en|doi=10.1130/2006.2412(05)}}</ref>
Near constant [[lava]] flows occur from Santiaguito, and can reach up to 4 km from the vent. Lava flow activity occurs in cycles, with the longest lava flows occurring during times of high volcanic activity. Much shorter lava flows occur during the longer periods of low volcanic activity. These lava flows flow only a short distance from the vent before collapsing.<ref name=":0" /> The magma at Santiaguito is rich in [[silica]] and is thus highly [[viscosity|viscous]]. The lava flows are slow moving and mostly cause property damage, although in the past catastrophic [[pyroclastic flow]]s have been triggered from lava flows, which have extended several kilometers towards the west.<ref>Rose, W. I. (1973). Nuée ardente from Santiaguito Volcano April 1973. ''Bull. Volcanol''. 37, 365–371.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=W. I.|last2=Pearson|first2=T.|last3=Bonis|first3=S.|date=1976-03-01|title=Nuée ardente eruption from the foot of a dacite lava flow, Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala|journal=Bulletin Volcanologique|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=23–38|doi=10.1007/BF02599827|issn=0366-483X|bibcode=1976BVol...40...23R|s2cid=129863138}}</ref>
One hazard which could be devastating is the collapse of Santa María itself. The 1902 crater has left the southern flank of the mountain above Santiaguito highly over-steepened, and a large [[earthquake]] or eruption from Santiaguito could trigger a huge [[volcanic landslide|landslide]], which might cover up to {{convert|100|km2}}. However, this is thought to be unlikely in the short term.
In light of the threat it poses to nearby populations, Santa María has been designated a [[Decade Volcano]], identifying it as a target for particular study by volcanologists to mitigate any future natural disasters at the volcano.
==See also==
* [[List of volcanic eruptions by death toll]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Guatemala]]
* [[Timeline of volcanism on Earth]]
==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|first=Magda|last=Aragón|title=Cuando el día se volvió noche; La erupción del volcán Santa María de 1902|journal=Revista Estudios Digital|issue= 1|year=2013|url=http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108040852/http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60|archive-date=8 November 2014|language=es}}
* {{cite book|last=Arévalo Martínez|first=Rafael|author-link=Rafael Arévalo Martínez|title=¡Ecce Pericles!|publisher=Tipografía Nacional|location=Guatemala|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/190285559/Arevalo-Martinez-Ecce-Pericles#scribd|year=1945|language=es}}
* Bunzendahl, E.; Bluth, G. J.; Rose, W. I.; Reif, S. L.; Matias, O. (2001), ''Developing a Long-term Hazard Mitigation Plan for Consequent Volcanic Sedimentation Hazards at Santiaguito Dome Complex, Guatemala'', [[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #V41A-0974
* Harris, A. J.; Flynn, L. P.; Rose, W. I.; Matias, O.; Cornejo, J. (2002), ''The extrusion of lava dome and block lava flow units at Santiaguito, 1922–2002'', [[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #V12A-1399
* {{cite book |author=Recinos, Adrian |year=1986 |title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala |edition=2nd |location=Guatemala |publisher=CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra" |oclc= 243309954|language=es}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sapper |first=K. |author2=F. Termer |title=Der Ausbruch des Vulkans Santa María in Guatemala vom 2–4 November 1929 |journal=Zeitschrift für Vulkanologie |volume=13 |issue=73 |year=1930 |language=de}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Santa María Volcano}}
* {{cite gvp |vn=342030|title=Santa Maria}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803182345/http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/guat/santa_maria.html Santa María: Pictures and recent activity, from VolcanoWorld]
* [http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/decade.html Santa María Decade Volcano information]
* [http://magmacumlaude.blogspot.com/2010/03/santiaguito-volcano-observatory.html Account of a visit to the Santiaguito Volcano Observatory at the Magma Cum Laude blog]
{{Clear}}
{{Central American volcanoes}}
{{Decade Volcanoes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Maria (volcano)}}
[[Category:Quetzaltenango Department]]
[[Category:Sierra Madre de Chiapas]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Mountains of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Guatemala|Volcano]]
[[Category:1902 natural disasters]]
[[Category:20th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:Volcanic eruptions in North America]]
[[Category:Volcanism of Central America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Guatemala]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Active volcano in Quetzaltenango Department, Guatemala}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Santa María, Santiaguito
| photo = Santiaguito from Santamaria.jpg
| photo_caption = Santiaguito side cone from the summit of Santa María
| elevation_m = 3772
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| map = Guatemala |relief=1
| map_caption = Guatemala
| map_size =
| label_position = right
| location = [[Quetzaltenango Department]], [[Guatemala]]
| range = [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]]
| coordinates = {{coord|14|45|20|N|91|33|06|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Central America Volcanic Arc]]
| age =
| last_eruption = 2013 to present
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Santa María Volcano''' is a large active [[volcano]] in the western highlands of [[Guatemala]], in the [[Quetzaltenango Department]] near the city of [[Quetzaltenango]]. It is part of the mountain range of the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]].
The volcano was known as '''Gagxanul''' in the local [[Kʼicheʼ language]], which means "Naked Volcano or Mountain", before the 16th century [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala|Spanish conquest of the region]].<ref>Recinos 1952, 1986, p.69.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2022 |title=Santa María Volcano, Guatemala |url=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/ |website=Michigan Tech}}</ref>
The [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]-6 eruption of Santa María Volcano in 1902 was one of the three largest eruptions of the 20th century, after the 1912 [[Novarupta]] and 1991 [[Mount Pinatubo]] eruptions. It is also one of the five biggest eruptions of the past 200 (and most likely 300) years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Large Holocene Eruptions |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |work=[[Global Volcanism Program]] |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Geological history==
Santa María Volcano is part of the [[Sierra Madre de Chiapas|Sierra Madre]] range of volcanoes, which extends along the western edge of [[Guatemala]], separated from the [[Pacific Ocean]] by a broad plain. The volcanoes are formed by the [[subduction]] of the [[Cocos Plate]] under the [[Caribbean Plate]], which led to the formation of the [[Central America Volcanic Arc]].
Eruptions at Santa María are estimated to have begun about 103 [[kiloannum|ka]]. Construction of the volcanic edifice occurred in four phases, from 103–72, 72, 60–46, and 35–25 ka,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Escobar-Wolf |first1=Rudiger |title=40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of Volcán de Santa María, Guatemala |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |date=2010 |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=57–771}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=Brad |title=Tracking open-system differentiation during growth of Santa María Volcano, Guatemala |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=2011 |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=2335–2363|doi=10.1093/petrology/egr047 |bibcode=2011JPet...52.2335S |doi-access=free }}</ref> building up the large cone that reaches about {{convert|1400|m}} above the plain on which the nearby city of [[Quetzaltenango]] sits. Following the cone-building eruptions, activity seems to have changed to a pattern of long periods of repose followed by the emission of small [[lava flow]]s from vents on the mountain.
==1902 eruption==
[[File:Santamaria from the ISS.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Steam rises from Santiaguito. The area of the flank destroyed by the 1902 eruption can be clearly seen. Lahar deposits snake down river valleys to the left of the image]]
[[Image:Santa María Ausbruch 1902.jpg|thumb|200px|Santa María, 1902 eruption]]
[[Image:Santamarias.jpg|thumb|The volcano as seen from the nearby city of Quetzaltenango|200px]]
The first eruption of Santa María in recorded history occurred in October 1902. Before 1902 the volcano had been dormant for at least 500 years and possibly several thousand years, but its awakening was clearly indicated by a [[Earthquake swarm|seismic swarm]] in the region starting in January 1902, which included [[1902 Guatemala earthquake|a major earthquake in April 1902]]. The eruption began on 24 October, and the largest explosions occurred over the following two days, ejecting an estimated {{convert|8|km3}} of [[magma]]. The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century, only slightly less in magnitude to that of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in 1991. The eruption had a [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] (VEI) of 6, thus being 'Colossal'.<ref name="volcano.si.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt |website=Global volcanism program |title=Santa María |access-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820024043/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt |archive-date=August 20, 2007 }}</ref>
The [[pumice]] formed in the climactic eruption fell over an area of about {{convert|273000|km2}}, and [[volcanic ash]] as far away as [[San Francisco]], California, {{convert|4000|km}} away. The eruption occurred out of a vent on the southwest side of the volcano, leaving a crater about {{convert|1|km|sigfig=1}} in diameter and about {{convert|300|m}} deep, stretching from just below the summit to an elevation of about {{convert|2300|m}}. The first evidence of the eruption was a sprinkling of sand on Quezaltenango. The wind then changed from the south to the east and ashes began to fall at Helvetia, a coffee plantation {{convert|6|mi|km|0|order=flip}} southwest.<ref name="Anderson 1908">{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Tempest|title=The Volcanoes of Guatemala|date=1908|publisher=The Royal Geographical Society|location=London|page=478}}</ref> Many coffee plantations were destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011180904:mpeg21:a0068|title=Vulkanische Uitbarstingen.|work=De Volksstem|via=[[Delpher]]|date=19 November 1902|language=nl}}</ref>
Because of the lack<ref name="volcano.si.edu"/> of recorded eruptive activity at Santa María, local people did not recognise the preceding seismicity as warning signs of an eruption. Estimates are that 6,000 people died as a result of the eruption.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever|title=What is the largest eruption ever?|website=OSU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117034608/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> They were burned or suffocated.<ref name=LK>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001139091:mpeg21:a00012|title=Nieuwe bijzonderheden over de uitbarsting op Guatemala.|work=Limburger Koerier|via=[[Delpher]]|date=22 November 1902|language=nl}}</ref>
Due to the eruption, in an area for up to 160km from the volcano, there was total darkness for 53 hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010133223:mpeg21:a0096|title=Gemengde berichten.|work=Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië|via=[[Delpher]]|date=20 December 1902|language=nl}}</ref> After the eruption, the area was also affected by gangs who went to the affected areas to steal from people, murder and plunder plantations.<ref name=LK />
In the middle of the disaster, Quetzaltenango regional authorities had to take charge, as the central government was focused on the celebration of the "[[Fiestas Minervalias]]", the largest propaganda festival of president [[Manuel Estrada Cabrera]]' regime; furthermore, the central government was so focused on the festival that it tried to minimize the impact of the eruption and went as far as tell the citizens that it was not in Guatemalan soil, but in [[México]].{{sfn|Arévalo Martínez|1945|p=64}} Furthermore, the official government response was to tell Quetzaltenango authorities that there were no funds for the recovery, as those were already spent to help after the April 1902 earthquake.{{sfn|Arévalo Martínez|1945|p=67}} Under such circumstances, Quetzaltenango regional authorities declared that all the West zone agricultural harvest was ruined, and forecasted famine due to food shortages; likewise, cattle were dying and there were meat shortages as well. They were allowed by the central government to import flour free of taxes for the next few months.{{sfn|Aragón|2013|p=}}
For the native people the eruption consequences were catastrophic: they not only lost relatives, friends, homes and harvest, but they were also enslaved in the recovery while "[[Criollo people|criollo]]" landlords were compensated for the loss with lands that were confiscated from native communities in [[Uspantán|San Miguel Uspantán]] [[Quiché Department]], Panam in [[Suchitepéquez Department]] and in [[Sololá Department]].{{sfn|Aragón|2013|p=}}
===1902 suck my friend's dickk ===
* 24 October: 5:00 pm: A Felipe a sound was heard, similar to the roar of a waterfall, for five minutes, coming from the volcano; but the mist surrong the volcano did not allow any direct observation of what was happening.
* 24 October: 6:00 pm: Cinders and ashes started falling over [[Quetzaltenango]]
* 24 October: 7:00 pm: Witnesses recall seeing lightning and a strong fiery red light coming from the volcano, and noise similar of that of an industrial fuce.
naked naked naked naked
* 24 October: 8:00 pm: From San Felipe one could see a giant plume of black ash with numerous whirlwinds crossed by thousands of lightning bolts and curved lines of red light. All the area surrounding the volcano kept shaking and large explosions could be heard as far as {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}} away; strong winds carried ash and debris as far as {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} away, or even more; a part of the cloudent and large rocks from the volcano started falling as far as {{convert|14|km|abbr=on}} away, destroying towns and farm houses.
* 26 October: dick dick dick dick dicck dick dick dick dick dick dick dick dick 2:00 am: The volcano calmed down.
* 26 October: 3:00 pm: Another eruption, but this time it was a white plume that came out, which was likely composed of water vapor.
ass
ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass
===Image gallery===
<gallery perrow="4" widths="175" heights="175">
File:Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg
File:Santamaria1902xela.jpg
</gallery>
==Santiaguito==
[[File:Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg|thumb|200px|Santiaguito, 2016 eruption<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2016/05/20/powerful-eruption-at-santa-maria-santiaguito-ejects-ash-up-to-4-5-km-guatemala/|title=Powerful eruption at Santa Maria (Santiaguito) ejects ash up to 4.5 km, Guatemala|date=20 May 2016 }}</ref>]]
The 1902 eruption was followed by 20 years of dormancy. New eruptions began in 1922, with the extrusion of a [[lava dome]] complex in the crater left by the 1902 eruption. The lava dome complex, named '''Santiaguito''', is still active today with over 1 km<sup>3</sup> of lava erupted so far. The lava dome complex has four main domes: El Caliente, La Mitad, El Monje and El Brujo. The currently active vent is El Caliente.<ref>Jeannie A.J. Scott (2013), "The Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala," https://vhub.org/resources/2268</ref>
The dome growth has been both ''endogenous'' and ''exogenous''. The former implies dome interior expansion to accommodate new lava and the latter refers to superficial piling up of lava. Activity has been concentrated at several different vents, and Santiaguito now has the appearance of several overlapping domes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Rhodes|first1=Emma|last2=Kennedy|first2=Ben M.|last3=Lavallée|first3=Yan|last4=Hornby|first4=Adrian|last5=Edwards|first5=Matt|last6=Chigna|first6=Gustavo|date=2018|title=Textural Insights Into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|language=en|volume=6|pages=30|doi=10.3389/feart.2018.00030|issn=2296-6463|url=http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1201529/FULLTEXT01|bibcode=2018FrEaS...6...30R|doi-access=free}}</ref> At the beginning of dome growth the composition was [[dacite]], identical to the composition of the Santa Maria eruption. By 1990 the composition had shifted to a less evolved [[andesite]]. It has been proposed that this is due to a stratified magma chamber beneath the volcano.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scott|first1=Jeannie A.J.|last2=Pyle|first2=David M.|last3=Mather|first3=Tamsin A.|last4=Rose|first4=William I.|date=Feb 2013|title=Geochemistry and evolution of the Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|volume=252|pages=92–107|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.11.011|issn=0377-0273|bibcode=2013JVGR..252...92S}}</ref>
The early (pre-1990) exogenous volcanism has consisted of [[lava spines]] and [[lava flows]]. Nowadays, only lava flows are erupted. All the volcanic activity is cyclic with 10+ year cyclic timescales between periods of high volcanism with high extrusion rates and low volcanism with low extrusion rates.<ref>Harris, A. J. L., Rose, W. I., and Flynn, L. P. (2003). "Temporal trends in lava dome extrusion at Santiaguito 1922–2000". ''Bull. Volcanol''. 65, 77–89. {{doi|10.1007/s00445-002-0243-0}}</ref> The latest with high extrusion rate was in 2011–2015 with the emplacement of more than four new lava flows.<ref name=":0" /> Frequent small eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been ongoing throughout dome growth.
Although most of Santiaguito's eruptive activity has been relatively gentle, occasional larger explosions have occurred. In 1929 part of the dome collapsed, generating [[pyroclastic flow]]s which killed anywhere from several hundred up to 5,000 people.<ref>Sapper & Termer, 1930</ref> Occasional rockfalls have generated smaller pyroclastic flows, and vertical eruptions of ash to heights of a few kilometres above the dome are common.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Jeffrey B.|last2=Harris|first2=Andrew J. L.|last3=Sahetapy-Engel|first3=Steve T. M.|last4=Wolf|first4=Rudiger|last5=Rose|first5=William I.|date=Mar 2004|title=Explosion dynamics of pyroclastic eruptions at Santiaguito Volcano|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=31|issue=6|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2003gl019079|issn=0094-8276|citeseerx=10.1.1.500.3171|bibcode=2004GeoRL..31.6610J|s2cid=14592231 }}</ref> Santiaguito is now a tourist attraction, as minor eruptions occur with regularity and can be observed by visitors from the summit of Santa Maria.
==Volcanic hazards at Santa María==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2018}}
[[Image:Hot lahar at Santiaguito.jpg|thumb|190px|left|A hot lahar rushes down a river valley near El Palmar in 1989]]
The areas to the south of Santa María are considerably affected by volcanic activity at Santiaguito. Currently, the most common volcanic hazards at Santa María are [[lahar]]s, which frequently occur in the [[rainy season]] due to heavy rainfall on loose volcanic deposits. Lahars are particularly large and frequent during periods of high volcanism at Santiaguito. The town of [[El Palmar, Quetzaltenango|El Palmar]], {{convert|10|km|sigfig=1}} from Santiaguito, has been destroyed twice by lahars from Santiaguito forcing the town to be moved to the present Nuevo El Palmar, and [[infrastructure]] such as roads and bridges have been repeatedly damaged. Lahar deposits from Santiaguito have affected rivers all the way downstream to the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Special Paper 412: Volcanic Hazards in Central America|last1=Harris|first1=Andrew J.L.|last2=Vallance|first2=James W.|last3=Kimberly|first3=Paul|last4=Rose|first4=William I.|last5=Matías|first5=Otoniel|last6=Bunzendahl|first6=Elly|last7=Flynn|first7=Luke P.|last8=Garbeil|first8=Harold|date=2006|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0813724126|pages=85–104|language=en|doi=10.1130/2006.2412(05)}}</ref>
Near constant [[lava]] flows occur from Santiaguito, and can reach up to 4 km from the vent. Lava flow activity occurs in cycles, with the longest lava flows occurring during times of high volcanic activity. Much shorter lava flows occur during the longer periods of low volcanic activity. These lava flows flow only a short distance from the vent before collapsing.<ref name=":0" /> The magma at Santiaguito is rich in [[silica]] and is thus highly [[viscosity|viscous]]. The lava flows are slow moving and mostly cause property damage, although in the past catastrophic [[pyroclastic flow]]s have been triggered from lava flows, which have extended several kilometers towards the west.<ref>Rose, W. I. (1973). Nuée ardente from Santiaguito Volcano April 1973. ''Bull. Volcanol''. 37, 365–371.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=W. I.|last2=Pearson|first2=T.|last3=Bonis|first3=S.|date=1976-03-01|title=Nuée ardente eruption from the foot of a dacite lava flow, Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala|journal=Bulletin Volcanologique|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=23–38|doi=10.1007/BF02599827|issn=0366-483X|bibcode=1976BVol...40...23R|s2cid=129863138}}</ref>
One hazard which could be devastating is the collapse of Santa María itself. The 1902 crater has left the southern flank of the mountain above Santiaguito highly over-steepened, and a large [[earthquake]] or eruption from Santiaguito could trigger a huge [[volcanic landslide|landslide]], which might cover up to {{convert|100|km2}}. However, this is thought to be unlikely in the short term.
In light of the threat it poses to nearby populations, Santa María has been designated a [[Decade Volcano]], identifying it as a target for particular study by volcanologists to mitigate any future natural disasters at the volcano.
==See also==
* [[List of volcanic eruptions by death toll]]
* [[List of volcanoes in Guatemala]]
* [[Timeline of volcanism on Earth]]
==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|first=Magda|last=Aragón|title=Cuando el día se volvió noche; La erupción del volcán Santa María de 1902|journal=Revista Estudios Digital|issue= 1|year=2013|url=http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108040852/http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60|archive-date=8 November 2014|language=es}}
* {{cite book|last=Arévalo Martínez|first=Rafael|author-link=Rafael Arévalo Martínez|title=¡Ecce Pericles!|publisher=Tipografía Nacional|location=Guatemala|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/190285559/Arevalo-Martinez-Ecce-Pericles#scribd|year=1945|language=es}}
* Bunzendahl, E.; Bluth, G. J.; Rose, W. I.; Reif, S. L.; Matias, O. (2001), ''Developing a Long-term Hazard Mitigation Plan for Consequent Volcanic Sedimentation Hazards at Santiaguito Dome Complex, Guatemala'', [[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #V41A-0974
* Harris, A. J.; Flynn, L. P.; Rose, W. I.; Matias, O.; Cornejo, J. (2002), ''The extrusion of lava dome and block lava flow units at Santiaguito, 1922–2002'', [[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #V12A-1399
* {{cite book |author=Recinos, Adrian |year=1986 |title=Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala |edition=2nd |location=Guatemala |publisher=CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra" |oclc= 243309954|language=es}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sapper |first=K. |author2=F. Termer |title=Der Ausbruch des Vulkans Santa María in Guatemala vom 2–4 November 1929 |journal=Zeitschrift für Vulkanologie |volume=13 |issue=73 |year=1930 |language=de}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Santa María Volcano}}
* {{cite gvp |vn=342030|title=Santa Maria}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803182345/http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/guat/santa_maria.html Santa María: Pictures and recent activity, from VolcanoWorld]
* [http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/decade.html Santa María Decade Volcano information]
* [http://magmacumlaude.blogspot.com/2010/03/santiaguito-volcano-observatory.html Account of a visit to the Santiaguito Volcano Observatory at the Magma Cum Laude blog]
{{Clear}}
{{Central American volcanoes}}
{{Decade Volcanoes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Maria (volcano)}}
[[Category:Quetzaltenango Department]]
[[Category:Sierra Madre de Chiapas]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]]
[[Category:Mountains of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Guatemala|Volcano]]
[[Category:1902 natural disasters]]
[[Category:20th-century volcanic events]]
[[Category:Volcanic eruptions in North America]]
[[Category:Volcanism of Central America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Guatemala]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Active volcano in Quetzaltenango Department, Guatemala</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Santa María, Santiaguito</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg/272px-Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg/408px-Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg/544px-Santiaguito_from_Santamaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Santiaguito side cone from the summit of Santa María</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,772 m (12,375 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&params=14_45_20_N_91_33_06_W_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°45′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°33′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.75556°N 91.55167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.75556; -91.55167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218065667">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa María, Santiaguito is located in Guatemala"><img alt="Santa María, Santiaguito is located in Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg/272px-Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg/408px-Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg/544px-Relief_map_of_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.743%;left:18.721%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Santa María, Santiaguito"><img alt="Santa María, Santiaguito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:9px"><div>Santa María, Santiaguito</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Guatemala</div></div></div></div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango_Department" title="Quetzaltenango Department">Quetzaltenango Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volcanic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">arc</a>/<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">belt</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc" title="Central America Volcanic Arc">Central America Volcanic Arc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2013 to present</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Santa María Volcano</b> is a large active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in the western highlands of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango_Department" title="Quetzaltenango Department">Quetzaltenango Department</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>. It is part of the mountain range of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre</a>.
</p><p>The volcano was known as <b>Gagxanul</b> in the local <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ language</a>, which means "Naked Volcano or Mountain", before the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of the region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a>-6 eruption of Santa María Volcano in 1902 was one of the three largest eruptions of the 20th century, after the 1912 <a href="/wiki/Novarupta" title="Novarupta">Novarupta</a> and 1991 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> eruptions. It is also one of the five biggest eruptions of the past 200 (and most likely 300) years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geological_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geological history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#1902_eruption"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">1902 eruption</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1902_suck_my_friend's_dickk"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">1902 suck my friend's dickk</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Image_gallery"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Image gallery</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Santiaguito"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Santiaguito</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Volcanic_hazards_at_Santa_María"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Volcanic hazards at Santa María</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geological_history">Geological history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Santa María Volcano is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Chiapas" title="Sierra Madre de Chiapas">Sierra Madre</a> range of volcanoes, which extends along the western edge of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, separated from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> by a broad plain. The volcanoes are formed by the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a>, which led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc" title="Central America Volcanic Arc">Central America Volcanic Arc</a>.
</p><p>Eruptions at Santa María are estimated to have begun about 103 <a href="/wiki/Kiloannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloannum">ka</a>. Construction of the volcanic edifice occurred in four phases, from 103–72, 72, 60–46, and 35–25 ka,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> building up the large cone that reaches about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above the plain on which the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a> sits. Following the cone-building eruptions, activity seems to have changed to a pattern of long periods of repose followed by the emission of small <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a> from vents on the mountain.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="1902_eruption">1902 eruption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1902 eruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg/190px-Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg/285px-Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg/380px-Santamaria_from_the_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Steam rises from Santiaguito. The area of the flank destroyed by the 1902 eruption can be clearly seen. Lahar deposits snake down river valleys to the left of the image</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg/200px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg/300px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg/400px-Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Ausbruch_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Santa María, 1902 eruption</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santamarias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Santamarias.jpg/200px-Santamarias.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Santamarias.jpg/300px-Santamarias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Santamarias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>The volcano as seen from the nearby city of Quetzaltenango</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first eruption of Santa María in recorded history occurred in October 1902. Before 1902 the volcano had been dormant for at least 500 years and possibly several thousand years, but its awakening was clearly indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">seismic swarm</a> in the region starting in January 1902, which included <a href="/wiki/1902_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1902 Guatemala earthquake">a major earthquake in April 1902</a>. The eruption began on 24 October, and the largest explosions occurred over the following two days, ejecting an estimated 8 cubic kilometres (1.9 cu mi) of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century, only slightly less in magnitude to that of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in 1991. The eruption had a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI) of 6, thus being 'Colossal'.<sup id="cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcano.si.edu-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> formed in the climactic eruption fell over an area of about 273,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi), and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> as far away as <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) away. The eruption occurred out of a vent on the southwest side of the volcano, leaving a crater about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) in diameter and about 300 metres (980 ft) deep, stretching from just below the summit to an elevation of about 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). The first evidence of the eruption was a sprinkling of sand on Quezaltenango. The wind then changed from the south to the east and ashes began to fall at Helvetia, a coffee plantation 10 kilometres (6 mi) southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1908_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1908-7">[7]</a></sup> Many coffee plantations were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because of the lack<sup id="cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcano.si.edu-6">[6]</a></sup> of recorded eruptive activity at Santa María, local people did not recognise the preceding seismicity as warning signs of an eruption. Estimates are that 6,000 people died as a result of the eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> They were burned or suffocated.<sup id="cite_ref-LK_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to the eruption, in an area for up to 160km from the volcano, there was total darkness for 53 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> After the eruption, the area was also affected by gangs who went to the affected areas to steal from people, murder and plunder plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-LK_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the middle of the disaster, Quetzaltenango regional authorities had to take charge, as the central government was focused on the celebration of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiestas_Minervalias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiestas Minervalias (page does not exist)">Fiestas Minervalias</a>", the largest propaganda festival of president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a>' regime; furthermore, the central government was so focused on the festival that it tried to minimize the impact of the eruption and went as far as tell the citizens that it was not in Guatemalan soil, but in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="México">México</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194564_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194564-12">[12]</a></sup> Furthermore, the official government response was to tell Quetzaltenango authorities that there were no funds for the recovery, as those were already spent to help after the April 1902 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194567_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194567-13">[13]</a></sup> Under such circumstances, Quetzaltenango regional authorities declared that all the West zone agricultural harvest was ruined, and forecasted famine due to food shortages; likewise, cattle were dying and there were meat shortages as well. They were allowed by the central government to import flour free of taxes for the next few months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragón2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragón2013-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>For the native people the eruption consequences were catastrophic: they not only lost relatives, friends, homes and harvest, but they were also enslaved in the recovery while "<a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a>" landlords were compensated for the loss with lands that were confiscated from native communities in <a href="/wiki/Uspant%C3%A1n" title="Uspantán">San Miguel Uspantán</a> <a href="/wiki/Quich%C3%A9_Department" title="Quiché Department">Quiché Department</a>, Panam in <a href="/wiki/Suchitep%C3%A9quez_Department" title="Suchitepéquez Department">Suchitepéquez Department</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Solol%C3%A1_Department" title="Sololá Department">Sololá Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragón2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragón2013-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="1902_suck_my_friend.27s_dickk"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1902_suck_my_friend's_dickk">1902 suck my friend's dickk</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1902 suck my friend's dickk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>24 October: 5:00 pm: A Felipe a sound was heard, similar to the roar of a waterfall, for five minutes, coming from the volcano; but the mist surrong the volcano did not allow any direct observation of what was happening.</li>
<li>24 October: 6:00 pm: Cinders and ashes started falling over <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a></li>
<li>24 October: 7:00 pm: Witnesses recall seeing lightning and a strong fiery red light coming from the volcano, and noise similar of that of an industrial fuce.</li></ul>
<pre>naked naked naked naked
</pre>
<ul><li>24 October: 8:00 pm: From San Felipe one could see a giant plume of black ash with numerous whirlwinds crossed by thousands of lightning bolts and curved lines of red light. All the area surrounding the volcano kept shaking and large explosions could be heard as far as 160 km (99 mi) away; strong winds carried ash and debris as far as 800 km (500 mi) away, or even more; a part of the cloudent and large rocks from the volcano started falling as far as 14 km (8.7 mi) away, destroying towns and farm houses.</li>
<li>26 October: dick dick dick dick dicck dick dick dick dick dick dick dick dick 2:00 am: The volcano calmed down.</li>
<li>26 October: 3:00 pm: Another eruption, but this time it was a white plume that came out, which was likely composed of water vapor.</li></ul>
<p>ass
ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass ass
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 872px;">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg/175px-Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg/263px-Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg/350px-Santamaria1902erupcion2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santamaria1902xela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Santamaria1902xela.jpg/153px-Santamaria1902xela.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Santamaria1902xela.jpg/229px-Santamaria1902xela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Santamaria1902xela.jpg/305px-Santamaria1902xela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Santiaguito">Santiaguito</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Santiaguito"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg/200px-Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg/300px-Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg/400px-Santiaguito5-19-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Santiaguito, 2016 eruption<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The 1902 eruption was followed by 20 years of dormancy. New eruptions began in 1922, with the extrusion of a <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava dome</a> complex in the crater left by the 1902 eruption. The lava dome complex, named <b>Santiaguito</b>, is still active today with over 1 km<sup>3</sup> of lava erupted so far. The lava dome complex has four main domes: El Caliente, La Mitad, El Monje and El Brujo. The currently active vent is El Caliente.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The dome growth has been both <i>endogenous</i> and <i>exogenous</i>. The former implies dome interior expansion to accommodate new lava and the latter refers to superficial piling up of lava. Activity has been concentrated at several different vents, and Santiaguito now has the appearance of several overlapping domes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a></sup> At the beginning of dome growth the composition was <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>, identical to the composition of the Santa Maria eruption. By 1990 the composition had shifted to a less evolved <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>. It has been proposed that this is due to a stratified magma chamber beneath the volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The early (pre-1990) exogenous volcanism has consisted of <a href="/wiki/Lava_spines" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava spines">lava spines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a>. Nowadays, only lava flows are erupted. All the volcanic activity is cyclic with 10+ year cyclic timescales between periods of high volcanism with high extrusion rates and low volcanism with low extrusion rates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The latest with high extrusion rate was in 2011–2015 with the emplacement of more than four new lava flows.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a></sup> Frequent small eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been ongoing throughout dome growth.
</p><p>Although most of Santiaguito's eruptive activity has been relatively gentle, occasional larger explosions have occurred. In 1929 part of the dome collapsed, generating <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> which killed anywhere from several hundred up to 5,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Occasional rockfalls have generated smaller pyroclastic flows, and vertical eruptions of ash to heights of a few kilometres above the dome are common.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Santiaguito is now a tourist attraction, as minor eruptions occur with regularity and can be observed by visitors from the summit of Santa Maria.
</p>
<h2><span id="Volcanic_hazards_at_Santa_Mar.C3.ADa"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Volcanic_hazards_at_Santa_María">Volcanic hazards at Santa María</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volcanic hazards at Santa María"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Special:EditPage/Santa María (volcano)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/190px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/285px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/380px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A hot lahar rushes down a river valley near El Palmar in 1989</figcaption></figure>
<p>The areas to the south of Santa María are considerably affected by volcanic activity at Santiaguito. Currently, the most common volcanic hazards at Santa María are <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>, which frequently occur in the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a> due to heavy rainfall on loose volcanic deposits. Lahars are particularly large and frequent during periods of high volcanism at Santiaguito. The town of <a href="/wiki/El_Palmar,_Quetzaltenango" title="El Palmar, Quetzaltenango">El Palmar</a>, 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Santiaguito, has been destroyed twice by lahars from Santiaguito forcing the town to be moved to the present Nuevo El Palmar, and <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> such as roads and bridges have been repeatedly damaged. Lahar deposits from Santiaguito have affected rivers all the way downstream to the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Near constant <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows occur from Santiaguito, and can reach up to 4 km from the vent. Lava flow activity occurs in cycles, with the longest lava flows occurring during times of high volcanic activity. Much shorter lava flows occur during the longer periods of low volcanic activity. These lava flows flow only a short distance from the vent before collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a></sup> The magma at Santiaguito is rich in <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and is thus highly <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a>. The lava flows are slow moving and mostly cause property damage, although in the past catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> have been triggered from lava flows, which have extended several kilometers towards the west.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>One hazard which could be devastating is the collapse of Santa María itself. The 1902 crater has left the southern flank of the mountain above Santiaguito highly over-steepened, and a large <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> or eruption from Santiaguito could trigger a huge <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_landslide" title="Volcanic landslide">landslide</a>, which might cover up to 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). However, this is thought to be unlikely in the short term.
</p><p>In light of the threat it poses to nearby populations, Santa María has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a>, identifying it as a target for particular study by volcanologists to mitigate any future natural disasters at the volcano.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">List of volcanic eruptions by death toll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">List of volcanoes in Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth" title="Timeline of volcanism on Earth">Timeline of volcanism on Earth</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p.69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/">"Santa María Volcano, Guatemala"</a>. <i>Michigan Tech</i>. 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Tech&rft.atitle=Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+Volcano%2C+Guatemala&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.mtu.edu%2Fvolcanoes%2Fsantamaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117212357/http://volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm">"Large Holocene Eruptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Large+Holocene+Eruptions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Flargeeruptions.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEscobar-Wolf2010" class="citation journal cs1">Escobar-Wolf, Rudiger (2010). "40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of Volcán de Santa María, Guatemala". <i>Bulletin of Volcanology</i>. <b>122</b> (5): 57–771.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Volcanology&rft.atitle=40Ar%2F39Ar+and+paleomagnetic+constraints+on+the+evolution+of+Volc%C3%A1n+de+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=57-771&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Escobar-Wolf&rft.aufirst=Rudiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Brad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegr047">"Tracking open-system differentiation during growth of Santa María Volcano, Guatemala"</a>. <i>Journal of Petrology</i>. <b>52</b> (12): 2335–2363. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPet...52.2335S">2011JPet...52.2335S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegr047">10.1093/petrology/egr047</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Petrology&rft.atitle=Tracking+open-system+differentiation+during+growth+of+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+Volcano%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2335-2363&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpetrology%2Fegr047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPet...52.2335S&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpetrology%252Fegr047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-volcano.si.edu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820024043/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt">"Santa María"</a>. <i>Global volcanism program</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-03=&volpage=erupt">the original</a> on August 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+volcanism+program&rft.atitle=Santa+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D1402-03%3D%26volpage%3Derupt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_1908-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1908_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1908" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Tempest (1908). <i>The Volcanoes of Guatemala</i>. London: The Royal Geographical Society. p. 478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volcanoes+of+Guatemala&rft.place=London&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=The+Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Tempest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011180904:mpeg21:a0068">"Vulkanische Uitbarstingen"</a>. <i>De Volksstem</i> (in Dutch). 19 November 1902 – via <a href="/wiki/Delpher" title="Delpher">Delpher</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Volksstem&rft.atitle=Vulkanische+Uitbarstingen.&rft.date=1902-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A011180904%3Ampeg21%3Aa0068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever">"What is the largest eruption ever?"</a>. <i>OSU</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117034608/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-largest-eruption-ever">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OSU&rft.atitle=What+is+the+largest+eruption+ever%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.oregonstate.edu%2Fwhat-largest-eruption-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LK-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LK_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LK_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001139091:mpeg21:a00012">"Nieuwe bijzonderheden over de uitbarsting op Guatemala"</a>. <i>Limburger Koerier</i> (in Dutch). 22 November 1902 – via <a href="/wiki/Delpher" title="Delpher">Delpher</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limburger+Koerier&rft.atitle=Nieuwe+bijzonderheden+over+de+uitbarsting+op+Guatemala.&rft.date=1902-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB23%3A001139091%3Ampeg21%3Aa00012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010133223:mpeg21:a0096">"Gemengde berichten"</a>. <i>Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië</i> (in Dutch). 20 December 1902 – via <a href="/wiki/Delpher" title="Delpher">Delpher</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+nieuws+van+den+dag+voor+Nederlandsch-Indi%C3%AB&rft.atitle=Gemengde+berichten.&rft.date=1902-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Dddd%3A010133223%3Ampeg21%3Aa0096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194564-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194564_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945">Arévalo Martínez 1945</a>, p. 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194567-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArévalo_Martínez194567_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945">Arévalo Martínez 1945</a>, p. 67.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragón2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragón2013_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragón2013_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAragón2013">Aragón 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2016/05/20/powerful-eruption-at-santa-maria-santiaguito-ejects-ash-up-to-4-5-km-guatemala/">"Powerful eruption at Santa Maria (Santiaguito) ejects ash up to 4.5 km, Guatemala"</a>. 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powerful+eruption+at+Santa+Maria+%28Santiaguito%29+ejects+ash+up+to+4.5+km%2C+Guatemala&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewatchers.adorraeli.com%2F2016%2F05%2F20%2Fpowerful-eruption-at-santa-maria-santiaguito-ejects-ash-up-to-4-5-km-guatemala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeannie A.J. Scott (2013), "The Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://vhub.org/resources/2268">https://vhub.org/resources/2268</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhodesKennedyLavalléeHornby2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes, Emma; Kennedy, Ben M.; Lavallée, Yan; Hornby, Adrian; Edwards, Matt; Chigna, Gustavo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1201529/FULLTEXT01">"Textural Insights Into the Evolving Lava Dome Cycles at Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Earth Science</i>. <b>6</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrEaS...6...30R">2018FrEaS...6...30R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2018.00030">10.3389/feart.2018.00030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2296-6463">2296-6463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=Textural+Insights+Into+the+Evolving+Lava+Dome+Cycles+at+Santiaguito+Lava+Dome%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2296-6463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffeart.2018.00030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018FrEaS...6...30R&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Ben+M.&rft.au=Lavall%C3%A9e%2C+Yan&rft.au=Hornby%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Matt&rft.au=Chigna%2C+Gustavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1201529%2FFULLTEXT01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScottPyleMatherRose2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Jeannie A.J.; Pyle, David M.; Mather, Tamsin A.; Rose, William I. (Feb 2013). "Geochemistry and evolution of the Santiaguito volcanic dome complex, Guatemala". <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>252</b>: 92–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JVGR..252...92S">2013JVGR..252...92S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2012.11.011">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.11.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Geochemistry+and+evolution+of+the+Santiaguito+volcanic+dome+complex%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=252&rft.pages=92-107&rft.date=2013-02&rft.issn=0377-0273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2012.11.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JVGR..252...92S&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jeannie+A.J.&rft.au=Pyle%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Mather%2C+Tamsin+A.&rft.au=Rose%2C+William+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, A. J. L., Rose, W. I., and Flynn, L. P. (2003). "Temporal trends in lava dome extrusion at Santiaguito 1922–2000". <i>Bull. Volcanol</i>. 65, 77–89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-002-0243-0">10.1007/s00445-002-0243-0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapper & Termer, 1930</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHarrisSahetapy-EngelWolf2004" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Jeffrey B.; Harris, Andrew J. L.; Sahetapy-Engel, Steve T. M.; Wolf, Rudiger; Rose, William I. (Mar 2004). "Explosion dynamics of pyroclastic eruptions at Santiaguito Volcano". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>31</b> (6): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..31.6610J">2004GeoRL..31.6610J</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.500.3171">10.1.1.500.3171</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003gl019079">10.1029/2003gl019079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14592231">14592231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Explosion+dynamics+of+pyroclastic+eruptions+at+Santiaguito+Volcano&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14592231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004GeoRL..31.6610J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.500.3171%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2003gl019079&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+B.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Andrew+J.+L.&rft.au=Sahetapy-Engel%2C+Steve+T.+M.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Rudiger&rft.au=Rose%2C+William+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisVallanceKimberlyRose2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Andrew J.L.; Vallance, James W.; Kimberly, Paul; Rose, William I.; Matías, Otoniel; Bunzendahl, Elly; Flynn, Luke P.; Garbeil, Harold (2006). <i>Special Paper 412: Volcanic Hazards in Central America</i>. Geological Society of America. pp. 85–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F2006.2412%2805%29">10.1130/2006.2412(05)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813724126" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813724126"><bdi>978-0813724126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Paper+412%3A+Volcanic+Hazards+in+Central+America&rft.pages=85-104&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F2006.2412%2805%29&rft.isbn=978-0813724126&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.L.&rft.au=Vallance%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Kimberly%2C+Paul&rft.au=Rose%2C+William+I.&rft.au=Mat%C3%ADas%2C+Otoniel&rft.au=Bunzendahl%2C+Elly&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Luke+P.&rft.au=Garbeil%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, W. I. (1973). Nuée ardente from Santiaguito Volcano April 1973. <i>Bull. Volcanol</i>. 37, 365–371.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosePearsonBonis1976" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, W. I.; Pearson, T.; Bonis, S. (1976-03-01). "Nuée ardente eruption from the foot of a dacite lava flow, Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala". <i>Bulletin Volcanologique</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 23–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976BVol...40...23R">1976BVol...40...23R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02599827">10.1007/BF02599827</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0366-483X">0366-483X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129863138">129863138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Volcanologique&rft.atitle=Nu%C3%A9e+ardente+eruption+from+the+foot+of+a+dacite+lava+flow%2C+Santiaguito+volcano%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-38&rft.date=1976-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02599827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129863138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0366-483X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976BVol...40...23R&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rft.au=Pearson%2C+T.&rft.au=Bonis%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAragón2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aragón, Magda (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108040852/http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60">"Cuando el día se volvió noche; La erupción del volcán Santa María de 1902"</a>. <i>Revista Estudios Digital</i> (in Spanish) (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitios.usac.edu.gt/revistahistoria/index.php?id=60">the original</a> on 8 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Estudios+Digital&rft.atitle=Cuando+el+d%C3%ADa+se+volvi%C3%B3+noche%3B+La+erupci%C3%B3n+del+volc%C3%A1n+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+de+1902&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Arag%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Magda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitios.usac.edu.gt%2Frevistahistoria%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArévalo_Martínez1945" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ar%C3%A9valo_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Rafael Arévalo Martínez">Arévalo Martínez, Rafael</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/190285559/Arevalo-Martinez-Ecce-Pericles#scribd"><i>¡Ecce Pericles!</i></a> (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%A1Ecce+Pericles%21&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.pub=Tipograf%C3%ADa+Nacional&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Ar%C3%A9valo+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F190285559%2FArevalo-Martinez-Ecce-Pericles%23scribd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Bunzendahl, E.; Bluth, G. J.; Rose, W. I.; Reif, S. L.; Matias, O. (2001), <i>Developing a Long-term Hazard Mitigation Plan for Consequent Volcanic Sedimentation Hazards at Santiaguito Dome Complex, Guatemala</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract #V41A-0974</li>
<li>Harris, A. J.; Flynn, L. P.; Rose, W. I.; Matias, O.; Cornejo, J. (2002), <i>The extrusion of lava dome and block lava flow units at Santiaguito, 1922–2002</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, Fall Meeting 2002, abstract #V12A-1399</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRecinos,_Adrian1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Recinos, Adrian (1986). <i>Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala</i> (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala: CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra". <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243309954">243309954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+de+Alvarado%3A+Conquistador+de+M%C3%A9xico+y+Guatemala&rft.place=Guatemala&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CENALTEX+Centro+Nacional+de+Libros+de+Texto+y+Material+Did%C3%A1ctico+%22Jos%C3%A9+de+Pineda+Ibarra%22&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243309954&rft.au=Recinos%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSapperF._Termer1930" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sapper, K.; F. Termer (1930). "Der Ausbruch des Vulkans Santa María in Guatemala vom 2–4 November 1929". <i>Zeitschrift für Vulkanologie</i> (in German). <b>13</b> (73).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Vulkanologie&rft.atitle=Der+Ausbruch+des+Vulkans+Santa+Mar%C3%ADa+in+Guatemala+vom+2%E2%80%934+November+1929&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=73&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Sapper&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=F.+Termer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Volcano" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Santa María Volcano">Santa María Volcano</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=342030">"Santa Maria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Santa+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D342030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Mar%C3%ADa+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803182345/http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/south_america/guat/santa_maria.html">Santa María: Pictures and recent activity, from VolcanoWorld</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/santamaria/decade.html">Santa María Decade Volcano information</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magmacumlaude.blogspot.com/2010/03/santiaguito-volcano-observatory.html">Account of a visit to the Santiaguito Volcano Observatory at the Magma Cum Laude blog</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_American_volcanoes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_American_volcanoes" title="Template:Central American volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_American_volcanoes" title="Template talk:Central American volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_American_volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central American volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_American_volcanoes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc" title="Central America Volcanic Arc">Central American volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acatenango" title="Acatenango">Acatenango</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Agua" title="Volcán de Agua">Agua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Almolonga" title="Almolonga">Almolonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Atitl%C3%A1n" title="Volcán Atitlán">Atitlán</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicabal" title="Chicabal">Chicabal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuilapa-Barbarena" title="Cuilapa-Barbarena">Cuilapa-Barbarena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Fuego" title="Volcán de Fuego">Fuego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Jumay" title="Volcán Jumay">Jumay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moyuta_(volcano)" title="Moyuta (volcano)">Moyuta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacaya" title="Pacaya">Pacaya</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa María/Santiaguito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_San_Pedro" title="Volcán San Pedro">San Pedro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Volcán Santo Tomás">Santo Tomás</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Siete_Orejas" title="Volcán Siete Orejas">Siete Orejas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tacan%C3%A1" title="Volcán Tacaná">Tacaná</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco" title="Volcán Tajumulco">Tajumulco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tecuamburro" title="Tecuamburro">Tecuamburro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tolim%C3%A1n" title="Volcán Tolimán">Tolimán</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacaya-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pacaya-10.JPG/160px-Pacaya-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pacaya-10.JPG/240px-Pacaya-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pacaya-10.JPG/320px-Pacaya-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of volcanoes in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinameca_(volcano)" title="Chinameca (volcano)">Chinameca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chingo" title="Chingo">Chingo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conchagua_(volcano)" title="Conchagua (volcano)">Conchagua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Izalco_(volcano)" title="Izalco (volcano)">Izalco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Volcano" title="Santa Ana Volcano">Santa Ana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_(volcano)" title="San Miguel (volcano)">San Miguel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_(volcano)" title="San Salvador (volcano)">San Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Vicente_(volcano)" title="San Vicente (volcano)">San Vicente</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Usulut%C3%A1n_(volcano)" title="Usulután (volcano)">Usulután</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoyeque" title="Apoyeque">Apoyeque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Negro" title="Cerro Negro">Cerro Negro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_(volcano)" title="Concepción (volcano)">Concepción</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosig%C3%BCina" title="Cosigüina">Cosigüina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maderas" title="Maderas">Maderas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masaya_Volcano" title="Masaya Volcano">Masaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mombacho" title="Mombacho">Mombacho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Volcano" title="San Cristóbal Volcano">San Cristóbal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telica_(volcano)" title="Telica (volcano)">Telica</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of volcanoes in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenal_Volcano" title="Arenal Volcano">Arenal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraz%C3%BA_Volcano" title="Irazú Volcano">Irazú</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miravalles_Volcano" title="Miravalles Volcano">Miravalles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanar">Platanar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano" title="Poás Volcano">Poás</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rinc%C3%B3n_de_la_Vieja_Volcano" title="Rincón de la Vieja Volcano">Rincón de la Vieja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tenorio_Volcano" title="Tenorio Volcano">Tenorio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turrialba_Volcano" title="Turrialba Volcano">Turrialba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Panama" title="List of volcanoes in Panama">Panama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%BA_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barú (volcano)">Barú</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Yeguada" title="La Yeguada">La Yeguada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/El_Valle_(volcano)" title="El Valle (volcano)">El Valle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>Note: volcanoes are ordered from north-west to south-east.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decade_Volcanoes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Template:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decade_Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decade Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decade_Volcanoes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avachinsky" title="Avachinsky">Avachinsky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Colima" title="Volcán de Colima">Colima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Merapi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Rainier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa María</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santorini_caldera" title="Santorini caldera">Santorini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulawun" title="Ulawun">Ulawun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Unzen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Geographic <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=342030">Global Volcanism Program</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
